A Critical Study of the Narrative-Interpretive Phrase of “Al-Ra'd-u Malakun” in Islamic Scholars’ Thought (Case Study: Surah Al-Ra'd: 13)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor/, Department of Qur’anic and Hadith Sciences in Shahed university

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith, University of Islamic Denominations, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Pointing out the meaning of “ra'd” and especially “tasbīh” in Surah al-Ra'd: 13, the early narrative and interpretive sources have discussed the issue in a variety of different views and approaches. One of these views is the meaning of “malak” for “ra'd” that has been supported by the Shiite and Sunni scholars, due to the existence of some proving hadiths. The believers in the naturalness of the phenomenon of “ra'd” (thunder) as well as those who have interpreted hadiths in this regard, have been called heretics by extremists. In addition, it is not possible to achieve a correct understanding of the verse 13 of Surah al-Ra'd without examining the narrations, especially the popular narrative phrase of “Al-Ra'd-u Malakun” and without analyzing the Qur’anic teachings in expressing the nature and function of other similar natural phenomena of “ra'd” in the world. Findings show that most of the narrative reports in this regard have been quoted in the class of Followers. The words of the Followers end mainly to Ibn Abbas, the famous Companion. In addition to being mawqūf, such reports contain weak and unknown narrators in their sanads, which degrade their authenticity. Examining these narrations after presenting them on the Qur’an and taking an analytical look at other sayings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), indicates that the idea of scholars who consider “ra'd” as a natural phenomenon is more correct, although this view does not mean denying the angels’ role in affairs of the world.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1.  

    1. The Holy Quran.
    2. Al-Saheefah Al-Sajjadiyya (1997). Qom: Alhadi.
    3. Abi, Abu Saeed Mansour ibn Hussein (1980), Nathr al-Durr. Research: Muhammad Ali Gharnah and Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi. Cairo: Al-Hay’at al-Misriyah Al-‘Amma lil-Kitab.
    4. Ibn Abī Ḥātim Al-Rāzī, Abdurahman ibn Muhammad (1371 AH), Al-Jarḥ wa-Taʻdīl. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʹ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    5. Ibn Abī Ḥātim Al-Rāzī, Abdurahman ibn Muhammad (1419 AH), Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Azīm. Research: As’ad Muhammad Tayyeb. Riyadh: Maktabat Nazzar Mustafa al-Baz; Third edition.
    6. Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, Abduhamid Hibatullah (1428 AH), Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāghah; research: Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Baghdad: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi and Beirut: Dar al-Amirah.
    7. Ibn Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn Abul Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad (1433 AH), 'Usd al-Ghāba fī Maʻrifat al-Ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dar ibn Ḥazm.
    8. Ibn al-Athīr, Majd al-Dīn Abu al-Sa'adat Mubarak ibn Muhammad (1383 AH), Al-Nihāya fi Gharib al-Ḥadīth wal-'Athar, Research: Al-Tahir Ahmad al-Zawi and Mahmoud Muhammad al-Tanahi. Cairo: Dar 'Ihya al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyah.
    9. Ibn Anbārī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim (1987), Al-Zāhir fī Maʻānī Kalimāt al-Nās, Ḥātam Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin, Baghdad: Dār al-Shuʼūn al-Thaqāfiyah al-ʻĀmmah, Second Ed.
    10. Ibn Habbān Bustī, Muhammad ibn Habban ibn Ahmad (1420 AH), Kitāb al-Majrūḥīn min al-Muḥadithīn wa-l-Du`afa' wa-l-Matrukin. Research: Hamdi bin 'Abd al-Majid bin Isma'il, Riyad: Dār al-Ṣamī'ī.
    11. Ibn Sa’d, Abū 'Abd Allāh Muhammad (1960), Al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabir. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
    12. Ibn Al-Ṣalāḥ al-Shahrazūrī, Abū 'Umar 'Uthmān ibn 'Abd al-Raḥmān (1397 AH). Muqaddimat Ibn Al-Salaḥ fi 'Ulūm al-Ḥadīth, Research: Nur al-Din ‘Itir, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    13. Ibn 'Aṭīyah al-Ghirnāṭī, Abū Muḥammad 'Abd al-Ḥaqq ibn Ghālib (2001), Al-Muḥarrar al-Wajiz fī Tafsīr al-Kītāb al-ʻAzīz, Research: Abdussalam Abdushafi Muhammad. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
    14. Ibn Fāris Abdulhussein Ahmad (1399 AH). Muʻjam Maqāyīs al-Lughah, Research:  ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
    15. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad bin Mukarim (1375 AH), Lisān al-ʻArab,  Beirut: Dar Sader.
    16. Abū 'Ubayda Maʿmar bin al-Muthannā al-Taymi (1390 AH), Majaz al-Qur’an, Research: Fu’ad Sezgin, Cairo: Maktaba al-Khanji, 2nd Ed.
    17. Abū Nuʻaym al-Iṣbahānī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd Allāh (nd). Kitāb Dhikr Akhbār Iṣbahān, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami.
    18.  Ahmad ibn Hanbal (1416 AH), Al-Musnad al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Research: Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
    19. Azharī,      Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1387 AH), Tahdhīb al-Lughah, Research: ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo: Dar al-Misriyah lil-Ta'lif wa-al-Tarjamah.
    20. Asgharpour, Hassan; GHaravi Naeeni, Nehle; Maaref, Majid (2013), “A critical study of Goldziher’s view concerning the influence of Jilan ibn Farvah on Ibn ‘Abbas in Understanding Qur’anic terms”, Pajuhesh-ha-ye Qur’an va Hadith, 46 (2), pp. 1-26.
    21.  Al-Īǧī, Adud al-Din ʻAbd al-Rahman bin Ahmad (1417 AH), Kitāb al-Mawāqif, Beirut: Dār al-Ǧīl.
    22.  Ālūsī, Maḥmūd ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1415 AH), Rūḥ al-Maʻānī fī Tafsīr al-Qurʼān al-ʻAẓīm wa al-Sabʻ al-Mathanī. Research: Atiyye Ali Abdulbari. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-'Ilmiyyah.
    23. Amīnī, ʿAbd Al-Ḥussein (1988). Al-Ḡadīr fi al-Ketāb wa al-Sunna wa’ al-'Adab. Dar al-Kutub Al-Islamiyah, 2nd ed.
    24.  Andalusī, Yūsuf ibn ʻAbd al-Birr (2000), Al-Istidhkār al-Jāmiʻ li-Madhāhib Fuqahāʼ al-Amṣār wa ʻUlamāʼ al-Aqṭār fīmā Taḍammanahu al-Muwaṭṭaʼ min Maʻānī al-Raʼy wa al-Āthār: wa Sharḥ Dhālika Kullah bi al-Ījāz wa al-Ikhtiṣār, Research:  Sālim Muḥammad ʻAṭā; Muḥammad ʻAlī Muʻawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
    25.  Baghdādī, ʻAbd al-Qāhir ibn Ṭāhir (1416 AH), Al-Farq bayna al-Firaq wa Bayān al-Firqah al-Nājiyah Minhum, research: Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn Abd al-Ḥamīd, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʻAṣrīyah.
    26. Baihaqī, Aḥmad Ibn al-Ḥusain (1416 AH), Kitāb al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Beirut: Dār alF̄ikr.
    27. Pourrostami, Hamed (2013), “Revision of inspiration of Quran by the support of lessons of Nahj Albalagha”. Quarterly journal of Nahjolbalaghe Research, 11 (33).
    28. Tirmidhi, Muhammad ibn 'Isa (1403 AH), Sunan Al-Tirmidhi wa Huwa Al-Jami' Al-Sahih. Research: 'Abd al-Wahhab Abdul Latif, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2nd ed.
    29. Tustarī, Sahl ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1423 AH), Tafsīr al-Qurʼān al-ʻAẓīm, Research: Muhammad Basil ‘Uyun Sewd, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah.
    30.  Thaʻlabī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1436 AH), Al-Kashf wa al-Bayān ʻan Tafsīr al-Qurʼān. Research:  Ṣalāḥ Bāʻuthmān, et al, Jiddah: Dār al-Tafsīr.
    31. John B. Noss (1976), Man’s Religions, Translation: Ali Asghar Hekmat. Tehran: Pirouz, 3rd ed.
    32. Jurjānī, Abdullah Ibn ʻAdī (1409 AH), Al-Kāmil fī Ḍuʻafāʼ al-Rijāl, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 3rd ed.
    33. Jawharī, Ismāʻīl ibn Ḥammād (1429 AH), Tāj al-lughah wa-Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʻArabīyah, Research: Khalil Mamoon Shiha, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa, 3rd ed.
    34. Ḥarbī, Ibrahim bin Isḥāḳ (1405 AH), Gharīb al-Ḥadīth, Research: Sulaymān bin Ibrahim al-‘Āyir, Mecca: Markaz al-Bahth al-‘Ilmī wa 'Ihyā’I al-Turāth.
    35. Dhahabī, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1413 AH), Sīyar 'A'lām al-Nubalā’, Research: Shu'ayb al-'Arna'ut and Ibrahim al-Zayvaq, Beirut: Mu’assusat al-Risāla, 9th ed.
    36. Dhahabī, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1382 AH), Mīzān al-'I'tidāl fi Naqd al-Rijāl, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
    37. Dhahabī, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1411 AH), Ta’rikh al-Islam wa Wafayat al-Mashahir wa al-'A’lam, Research: ‘Umar Abdul Salam Tidmori, Beirut: Dar Kitab al-‘Arabi.
    38. Rāghīb Isfahānī, Hussein ibn Mufaḍḍal (1430 AH), Al-Mufradāt fi Gharīb al-Qurʼan, Damascus- Beirut: Dār al-Qalam - Dār al-Shāmīyyah, 4th ed.
    39. Ramlī, Shahab al-Din Muhammad ibn Abi al-‘Abbas (1424 AH), Nahāyat al-Muhtāj 'ilā Sharh al-Minhāj, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah, 3rd ed.
    40. Zubaydī, Muhammad ibn Murtadā (1385 AH), Tāj al-'Arūs mīn Jawāhir al-Qāmūs, Research: Abd al-Sattār Ahmad Faraj, Kuwait: Wizarat al-Irshad wal-'Anbā’.
    41. Zamakhsharī Mahmoud ibn ‘Umar (1419 AH), 'Asās al-Balāqah, Research: Muhammad Basil, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
    42. Sam'ānī, Abu Sa'd Abdulkarim ibn Muhammad (1408 AH), Al-'Ansāb, Research: Abdullah Umar Al-Bārūdī, Beirut: Dar al-Jinān.
    43. Sayed Radī, Muhammad ibn Husayn (1437 AH), Nahj al-Balagha, Research: Seyed Hashem Milani, 2nd ed, Karbala: Maktabat al-‘Atabat al-‘Abbāsīyah.
    44. Sayed Radī, Muhammad ibn Husayn (1984), Talkhīs al-Bayān fī Majāzāt al-Qur’an, Research: Ali Mahmoud Muqallid, Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayāt.
    45. Sayed Murtadā, Abulqāsim Ali bin Hussain (1410 AH), Rasā’il al-Sharīf al-Murtadā, by: Seyed Ahmad Husseinī, Qom: Dar al-Qur’an al-Karim.
    46. Shāfi'ī, Muhammad ibn 'Idrīs (1410 AH), Al-'Um, Research: Muhammad Zurhi Al-Najjar, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
    47. Shayesteh-Nedhad, Aliakbar (2013), “Real prostration with the consciousness of animal, plant and solid,” Qur’an and Hadith Researches.
    48. Sharabīnī, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Khatīb (1425 AH), Al-'Iqnā' fī Hall-i Alfāz Abi Shojā', Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
    49. Sharabīnī, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Khatīb (1415 AH), Mughni al-Muhtāj 'ilā Ma'rifat Ma'ānī 'Alfīz al-Minhāj, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
    50. Al-Shalabī, Ahmad (2000), Muqāranat al-'Adyān, Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍat al-Miṣriya, 11th ed.
    51. Shūshtarī, Muhammad Taqī (1418 AH), Bahj al-Ṣabāghah fi Sharh Nahj al-Balāghah, Muʽassesah Enteshārāt, Tehran: Amīr Kabīr.
    52. Shahrestani, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (1414 AH), Al-Milal wal-Niḥal, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, 3rd ed.
    53. Ibn Bābiwayh, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Hussein (Shaikh Ṣadūq), Man lā Yahduru al-Faqīh, Research: Aliakbar Ghafari, Qom: Mu’assisat al-Nashr al-Islami.
    54. Safadī, Salah al-Din (1420 AH), Al-Wāfī bil-Wafayāt, Beirut: Dar 'Ihyā’ al-Turāth al-Arabī.
    55. Safī, Fakhr al-Din Ali ibn Hussein (2015), Latā'if al-Tawā’if, Research: Hassan Nasiri Jami, Tehran: Movla.
    56. Tabarānī, Sulaiman ibn Ahmad (1413 AH), Research: Mustafa Abd al-Qadir ‘Atā’, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
    57. Ṭabari Muhammad ibn Jarir (1412 AH), Jāme’a al-Bayān fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa.
    58.  Turayhī, Fakhroddīn (1428 AH), Majma' al-Bahrayn, Research: Sayyid 'Ahmad Husseinī, Beirut: Mu’assisat Ta’rīkh al-‘Arabī.
    59. Ṭūsi, Sheikh Muhammad ibn Hassan (1389 AH), Al-Tibyān fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, Beirut: Dar Ihyā al-Turāth al-Arabi.
    60. Asqalānī, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar (1433 AH), Al-'Isāba fī Tamyīz al-Sahābah, Beirut: Al-Maktabat al-‘Asrīyah.
    61. Asqalānī, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar (1423 AH), Lisān al-Mīzān, Research: ‘Abd al-Fattāh Abu Ghuddah, Beirut: Dar al-Bashā’ir al-Islāmīyah.
    62. Askarī, Abu Ahmad Hassan ibn Abdullah (1402 AH), Tashīfāt al-Muhaddithīn, Research: Mahmoud Ahmad Mirah, Cairo: Al-Matba'at al-‘Arabīyaht al-Hadīthah.
    63. Al-ʿAyāshī, Abu Nadr Muhammd ibn Masoud (1380 AH), Al-Tafsīr, Research: Hāshim Rasūlī, Tehran: Al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiya.
    64. Ghazālī, Abu Hāmid Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1426 AH), 'Ihyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn, Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.
    65. Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī, Muhammad ibn ‘Umar (1420 AH), Mafātīh al-Ghayb, Beirut: Dar ʼIḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, 3rd ed.
    66. Farrā’, Yahya ibn Zīyād (1432 AH), Ma'ānī al-Qur’ān, Research: ‘Imād al-Din ibn Sayed, Beirut: ‘Ālam al-Kitāb.
    67. Farāhīdī Khalīl ibn Ahmad (1409 AH), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, Qom: Hijrat, 2nd ed.
    68. Fīrūzābādī, Majd al-Din Muhammad ibn Ya'qūb (1998), Al-Qāmūs al-Muhīt, Beirut: Mu'assisat al-Risālah.
    69. Qurtubī, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1986), Al-Jāmi' li Ahkām al-Qurān, Tehran: Naser Khosrov.
    70. Qomī, Ali ibn Ibrahim (1985), Tafsīr al-Qomī, Research: Tayib Mousavi Jaza’irī, Qom: Dar al-Kitāb, 3rd ed.
    71. Keramati, Yunos (1989), Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran:  Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center, vol. 11: “Barq.”
    72. Ṭūsi, Sheikh Muhammad ibn Hassan (1426 AH), 'Ikhtīyār Ma'rifat al-Rijāl, Research: Jawad Qayūmī Isfahanī, Qom: Mu’assisat al-Nashr al-Islamī.
    73. Kalbāsī, Abu al-Ma'ālī Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1422 AH), Al-Rasā’il al-Rijālīyah, Research: Muhammad Hussein Derayati, Qom: Dar al-Hadith.
    74. Kulainī, Muhammad ibn Ya'qūb (1985). Al-Kāfī. Research: Aliakbar Ghafari, Qom: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 5th ed.
    75. Majlisī Mohammad Baqir ibn Mohammad Taqi (1403 AH). Biḥār Al-'Anwār. Beirut: Mu’assisat al-Wafā’, 2nd ed.
    76. Mar'ashlī, Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman (2018), Masādir al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamīyah.
    77. Maghribī, Abu Hanīfah Nu'mān ibn Muhammad (1414 AH), Shr al-Akhbār fī Fadā’il al-'A'immat al-'Athār, Research: Muhammad Husseini Jalali, Qom: Mu’assisat al-Nashr al-Islamī, 2nd ed.
    78. Maqdisī, Mutahhar ibn Tāhir (1425 AH), Al-Bad’ wal-Ta'rīkh, Cairo: Maktabat al-Thiqāfat al-Dīnīyah.
    79. Maqdisī, Mutahhar ibn Tāhir (1996), Creation and the History, Introduction, Translation and Additions: Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran: Age.
    80. Makkī ibn Abi Tālib (Hammūsh), Ibn Muhammad (1429 AH), Al-Hidāya ilā Bulūgh al-Nahāya, Sharjah: Jami'at al-Shāriqa.
    81. Ibn Abbas (Attributed) (1412 AH), Tanwīr al-Miqbās min Tafsīr ibn Abbas, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
    82. Mufīd, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'mān (Attributed) (1414 AH), Al-'Ikhtisās, Research: Aliakbar Ghafari and Seyed Mahmoud Zarandi, Beirut: Dar al-Mufīd, 2nd ed.
    83. Naderi, Morteza (2013), “The meaning of the “kalām” of Allah in the Sermon 186 of Nahj al-Balāgha”, Nahjulbalagha Researches, 34, 85-92.
    84. Nuhhās, Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1408 AH), Ma'ānī al-Qur’an, Research: Muahammad Ali Al-Sābūnī, Mecca: 'Umm al-Qura University.
    85. Nuhhās, Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1406 AH), Al-Du'afā’ wal-Matrūkīn, Research: Mahmoud Ibrahim Zayed, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa.
    86. Nasaee Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb (1411 AH), Al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Research: Abd al-Ghafār Sulaymān al-Bandārī and Sayed Hassan Kasrawī, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīya.
    87. Nawawī, Muhy al-din Yahya ibn Sharaf (nd), Al-Majmū', Reseach: Muhammad Najib Al-Mutī'ī, Jidda: Maktabat al-Irshād.
    88. Nayshabūrī, Mahmoud ibn Abu al-Hassan (1410 AH), Wad' al-Burhan fī Mushkilāt al-Qur’an, Beirut: Dar al-Qalam.
    89. Nayshabūrī, Muslim ibn Hajjāj (1389 AH), Al-Jāmi' al-Sahīh, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
    90. Wahidī Nayshabūrī, Ali ibn Ahmad (1430 AH), Al-Tafsīr al-Basīt, Research: Muhammad ibn Sālih, Riyadh: Jami'at Muhammad ibn Su'ūd al-Islāmīyah.
    91. Wā'izzadeh Khorāsanī, Muhammad (2010), Al-Mu'jam fī Fiqh Lughat al-Qur’an wa Sirr-i Bilāghatih, Mashhad: Islamic Researches Foundation of Radawī Holy Astān.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 17 May 2020
  • Revise Date: 04 October 2020
  • Accept Date: 27 October 2020
  • Publish Date: 22 May 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics